Articles Of Confederation Essays (1070 words) - United States

Articles Of Confederation In the 1770s, as Americas great thinkers and writers were declaring their desire for independence; they also established a committee to lay the foundation for the American form of government. These brilliant writers and philosophers hesitantly began designing the national level of government for use in America and named their final draft the Articles of Confederation . Out of their utter distrust of a centralized government, due to their association with the English monarchial system, the drafters deliberately established these articles as a loose confederation of states, rather than a firmly united nation. Life under the Articles of Confederation was filled with hardships and uncertainty, and the political scene was paralyzed with inability due to the lack of sovereignty in a central executive branch and the unanimous state consent required for the ratification of an amendment together with the lack of a taxation privilege . However, despite its inherent flaws, the Confederation gov ernment did prove capable to accomplish a few foreign and domestic achievements. Under the authority of the Confederation, the United States began to introduce itself in the global scene. The United States determined its place in the community of nations by establishing diplomatic relations and its participation in the world economy. The Confederation Congress also accomplished something many historians overlook. They successfully managed, organized, and eventually won the Revolutionary War . After winning the war, the Congress went on to successfully negotiate the Treaty of Paris and compelled the British to recognize American independence. On the domestic home front, the Congress began to effectively solve the land ordnance problem. The Confederation Congress established a procedure for governing the new territories and organized them into prospective states, giving each prospective state full and equal status with the original thirteen states. Furthermore, they institutionalized systems of local government, and public education . Moreover, while accomplishing all this, the congress managed to keep the national economy afloat. This proved to be an enormous feat because the economy was suffering from the loss of colonial privileges. These major achievements were all accomplished despite the inherent flaws in the basic structure of the Confederation government. The Articles of Confederation created a unicameral Confederation Congress, with each state having only one vote. On most political matters this legislative body required the approval of 9 out of 13 states to ratify any proposed Congressional intention. In Article 13, the Articles declared that in order to ratify an amendment to the Articles the consent of all 13 states were required . This left the national government, running through the Confederation Congress, powerless and unable to proceed with the most trivial matters of politics. The Confederation Government, under the Articles, lacked an executive and judicial branch. This caused Congress to be severely handicapped when it came to the enforcement of her requests. This lack of an executive, coupled with the Congresss negated power of taxation, caused a crippling financial difficulties. The Congress, having only enough power to request essential national funds from the states, found that many refused to pay, or were late in doin g so. Due to the lack of an executive branch, Congress soon found itself facing a mounting national debt that it was unable to pay on its own or force states to assume their share of the burden. Since change was virtually impossible, due to the unanimous amendment process, the Articles remained unchanged and hardships continued to mount for many Americans. The major hardships of America in the period of Confederation rule were primarily between the debtor and the creditor . The economic downturn of the mid 1780s, caused by the removal of the guaranteed English markets, left many farmers ruined and inundated with debt . These farmers pleaded with their state governments for help, but in most cases states refused to interfere, in one case in particular, these angered mobs of farmers rebelled against the government. This rebellion was known as Shays Rebellion in 1786 . Alarmed by the rebellion, other state governments agreed to help the angry farmers to thwart these rebellions. Their help came in the form of coining money to cause inflation, thus making the debt seem smaller and smaller. Under the Articles, this coinage was completely legal and it

Improve Your Memory With the Loci Method

Improve Your Memory With the Loci Method There are many theories and ideas about improving memory, including some that have been around since ancient times.   Ancient accounts show that early Greek and Roman orators used the loci method of remembering long speeches and lists. You may be able to use this method to enhance your memory at test time. The term loci refers to places or locations. To use the loci system, you will first need to think of a place or route that you can picture in your head very clearly. It can be your house, your school bus route, or any place that contains clear landmarks or rooms. For this example, we will use the thirteen original colonies as a list that we want to remember and your house as the method for remembering. The List of Colonies Includes: North CarolinaSouth CarolinaMarylandVirginiaDelawareNew HampshireNew JerseyPennsylvaniaMassachusettsConnecticutNew YorkRhode IslandGeorgia Now, picture yourself standing outside your house and begin to make connections with words on your memory list. In this case, you could make a mental note that the front of your house faces north and the back faces south. We have our beginning! North North CarolinaSouth South Carolina Your Tour Continues Imagine that you enter your house and see the coat closet. Open the closet door and note the smell. (It helps to invoke all the senses you can in this method). There you see the coat that Aunt Mary gave your mother (Maryland). The next room in this imaginary house tour is the kitchen. In this tour, you are suddenly hungry, so you go to the cupboard. All you can find is some virgin olive oil (Virginia). That wont do. You turn to the refrigerator and look inside. You know your mom just bought some new ham (New Hampshire) from the deli- but where is it? (Delaware). You manage to locate the items and assemble a sandwich. You carry it to your bedroom because you want to change into your new football jersey (New Jersey). You open the closet door and a pen falls on your head from the top shelf (Pennsylvania). Whats that doing there? you think. You turn to put the pen in your desk drawer. When you open the drawer, you see a giant mass of paper clips (Massachusetts). You grab a handful, sit down on your bed, and begin to connect them together to form a long chain (Connecticut). You realize youre still hungry. You decide you are ready for some dessert. You go back to the kitchen and look in the refrigerator again. You know youll find some leftover New York cheesecake from yesterday (New York). Its gone! Your little brother must have finished it off! (Note the shock and anger.) You turn to the freezer. There are two types of ice cream. Rocky Road (Rhode Island) or Georgia Peach (Georgia). You eat both. Now look over the list of states again, and think about the place association for each one. It wont be long before you can recite the list of states easily. This method can be used for remembering a list of objects or a list of events. All you need is keywords and associations for them. It may help you to come up with funny things that occur along your path. Emotion and sensory experiences will reinforce the information and enhance the exercise.

Photos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Photos - Essay Example A Selfie can be defined as a self-portrait photograph that is usually taken with a hand-held camera device of a digital nature and are often shared on social networking platforms like Facebook and Instagram. They are characteristically unpremeditated and are taken using cameras that are at arm’s distance or from the image reflection of a mirror. This kind of photography was initially popular with the young people but it has gained considerable popularity over the years. At the end of 2012, the Selfie was considered to be among the top ten buzzwords of the year by the Time magazine and even though they had been in existed for long, it was in this year that the term grew in popularity. From a survey that was conducted in 2013, more than sixty percent of the women in Australia who are aged between eighteen and thirty five take selfies that end up on Facebook. A poll that was conducted by the maker of the popular smartphone company, Samsung, found that almost a third of the photos by people aged between eighteen and twenty four were selfies. With the increase in technologies that are portable like mobile phones and cameras, the ways photographs can be taken are now accessible to many people. Social media has developed to be a portal for an online identity and the selfie gives the users a chance to present themselves in the ways they want. The use of social media by various celebrities levels the playing field as far as proliferation of identity is concerned and the only difference between a young girl posing for a picture the same way Rihanna would do is the amount of audience she will get. The perception of fame as well as audience have been changed by the means of communication and delivery and the capability to have followers from all over the world is a modern phenomenon that has seen the perception of fame develop across borders. Why are people becoming continually obsessed

Feliz Navidad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feliz Navidad - Essay Example The performance consists of simple singing or chanting of religious songs and all the homes are set up as a "Nativity scene" where the home owners pose as inn keepers. The interesting part is that the procession carries candles and statues of Jesus and Mary as the re-enactors ask for lodging at three houses and only the third house lets them inside in accordance with the Christmas story. The guests then enter the chosen house and sing traditional Christmas and religious songs for the Virgin Mary which concludes into a famous piata party for the children. Of course the ever famous Piata (which originates from Italian tradition) is the main object of interest for the children at these parties .This is a clay pot decorated with paper, and is filled with hard candy, peanuts sugar cane and fruit. The children are blindfolded and take turns at hitting it with a stick until it breaks so they can all have the sweet treats inside. The traditional Christmas piata is shaped like a star and has seven peaks, which symbolizes the seven deadly sins. The stick with which it is broken is a symbol of faith and therefore the destruction of the Piata is a symbol of the destruction of these deadly sins with faith. The Mexicans also have a very unique tradition of exchanging presents at New Years Eve rather than on Christmas .This gift exchanging is known as Misa de Gallo (Rooster's Mass). Some families might even wait as late as the Wise Mens Day which is on January the 6th to exchange gifts because on this day the Magi brought gifts to the baby Jesus. Instead of stockings (like in the American culture) the children traditionally place their shoes near the window so the Magi can fill the shoes with gifts .The children also look forward to the Merienda, ( a tea time with hot chocolate) and La Meridenda, (an festive dinner) in celebration of this day. This is a two week national holiday for the Mexicans .The US influence is ever present as in the recent decades there has been an adaptation of Santa Claus and many other American traditions. However the strong and unique Mexican culture continues to dominate these very family oriented traditions. The Holiday festivities end on the Noche Buena (Christmas Eve) with the celebration of a late-night Misa de Gallo (Rooster's Mass).This is followed by a festive dinner of traditional cuisines and sweet meats. The Christmas celebration hardly ends there as on December 28, Day of the Holy Innocents there is a commemoration of King Herod's attempt to slaughter all the new born male infants including baby Jesus. The Mexicans add a comic twist to the day as they play pranks on each other just like the April fool's day. The Christmas season continues merrily into the Three Kings Day which symbolises the arrival in Bethlehem of The Wise Men bringing gifts for baby Jesus. Reyes Magos is the Mexican version of the Santa Claus and on every January the 6th the native Mexican children hope to receive toys and gifts from this mythical figure. The Mexicans with their merry culture and strong family ties make the Christmas festivities a treat for the eyes and the soul. The final Candlemas is on February the 2nd officially marking the end of

Critical review of Antonio Damasio's theory of core consciousness Essay

Critical review of Antonio Damasio's theory of core consciousness - Essay Example Each convergence zone handles a category of objects (faces, animals, trees, etc): a convergence zone does not store permanent memories of words and concepts but helps reconstructing them. Once the image has been identified, an acoustical pattern corresponding to the image is constructed by another area of the brain. Finally an articulatory pattern is constructed so that the word that the image represents can be spoken. There are about twenty known categories that the brain uses to organize knowledge: fruits/vegetables, plants, animals, body parts, colours, numbers, letters, nouns, verbs, proper names, faces, facial expressions, emotions, sounds." (Damasio, 1999). Damasio is the firm believer of the theory that the reasoning area of the brain and the area of the brain responsible for generating emotions virtually overlap each other. As a result and thus he derives the hypothesis that emotion and reason cooperate. He believes that this is the neural, or better to state physical evidence in favour of his theory. Damasio also implies that this is the proof of the brain-body communication that is so much essential for the survival of a species. In his current neurobiological work 'The Feeling of What Happens: Body, Emotion and the Making of Consciousness' Damasio states that evolution developed two different levels of consciousness. One is 'core consciousnesses and the other 'extended consciences'. "Core consciousness is what we share with some nonhuman animals - a simple biological phenomenon, the scope of which is the Here and Now. This basic, integrated representation of one moment and one place is independent of language, reasoning and memory" (Metzinger, 1999). Damasio states this as a organism builds up its memory of its biography, or in other words, a flow chart of its core self each part of this memory bank induces and enhances the core consciousness by becoming a portal of each function submitted in the autobiography of its mind. This core consciousness also enables this organism to draw reference and induce conclusion from this autobiographical memory bank. In accordance to the ability of the organism the autobio graphical memory bank stores data for an extended period of time for usage in times of need. The need can be the ability to define itself processing the collective data available or to interact with outsiders in favourable and inauspicious circumstances. The autobiographical memory bank creates a mental map where the self image of that organism is stored. But the perimeter of this core consciousness ends here. After that the domain of extended consciousness begins. Thus it is obvious to state that "active scratchpad" of mental life (Baars, 1988) is absent in this regard. It could be termed that the domain of core consciousness is specified on the usage where there is nothing called tomorrow. Core consciousness only deals with the immediate present and 'now'. It has no functionality in the hyperspace of time. It should be noted that core consciousness does not overlap the idea of space either. In other words core consciousness is not worried about what happens outside the perimeter o f its own existence it is only aware of the area where it is present physically. For core consciousness, everything is 'here' as in the context of time- 'now'. Damasio states that at this point

Demand and Supply of Gold in India

Demand and Supply of Gold in India Demand is the relationship between price and quantity demanded for a particular goods and services in a particular circumstances . For each price the demand relationship tells the quantity the buyers wants to buy at that corresponding price . The quantity the buyer wants to buy at a particular price is called the Quantity Demanded. supply is the directly proportion of price when the price of the commodity is increased then the supply of that product also increase or visa- versa. ON THE BASIS OF GOLD COMMODITY:- In the relation of gold the demand cannot affected or doesnt matter of price, demand and supply because it is luxurious product and they always usable for functions and many of areas. The price of gold is increases demand then the demand and supply also occur in positive range. The term can be movable as follows:- When the price is increases then the demand and supply can movable in upward direction. When the price is decrease then then the demand and supply can change because the demand is high and supply will be decreases in range. The main concept is started from here to analyze the demand and supply of gold in India. The price is the main factors which can be changing whole style of product sale in the market but gold is a luxurious product and the price does not matter there they r directly based on the willingness to buy the products. This is analyze on the basis of previous data when the price is 17000 rs. In india and what about the demand and supply of the gold in market this will shown as follows:- It schedule is rougly showing to how the relation between price , demand and supply that will be arises on same direction this is only for gold product not for other . It is the concept demand curve is always downward slope and the supply curve move on upward . it means when the price of commodity is increase then demand is decrease and the supply is also increases but in that condition the demand and supply moved in same proportion . THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF GOLD DEMAND AND SUPPLY ARE AS FOLLOWS:- When the price is automatically increased in year 2005 then the consumers are simultaneously struggling. In present time the market price of gold is 19,171 Rs. Per 10 gram , after hitting a record high of 19,257 rs. Earlier in next week. In the time of festiwal the price is increase then the consumer is struggling to buy but in small range capacity. Basically in the seassion of dhanteras , diwali the demand of gold is high and the consumer can buy without any price problem. BRIEF DISCRIPTION ABOUT HIGH PRICE CUT DEMAND:- This condition doesent seen in the gold market because when gold was a barbarious relic the gold price stood at just 12000 rs. In that condition the various changes are coming in the gold and silver market according to as follows:- A CHANGE IN THE NATURE OF THE GOLD INVESTORS JEWELRY At the turn of the century , the jwelery and industrial gold buyers , alongside rural , agicultural Indian demand, dominated the gold price. In a developed country the gold was not bought for itself and its importance. That condition the major role basically in jwelery, often the cheaper part of piece of jwelery. in that time the prices cannot rises in that much, in that condition the gold price is high .it means when the price of gold is high then the buyers are low. The buyers are still there, but they want in small volume or range due to high price of that commodity. In that condition the market are focuses in middle class person to increase the capability power and creat high growth INDIAN DEMAND When they targeted to middle class family to increase the demand in that level of customer mind to focuses in that level of customer. The market wants to increase the efficiency and they also aware that gold is traditionally valuable in india and they aeare that customer can easily brought due to the need and knows the condition of market. After that marketers can expect that the price of gold is higher then doesnt affect in that market strategy because it is the investment terms which is basically effort by Indian customers. They always analyse that when the price is high then it affect in supply terms. WESTERN JEWELRY , COIN AND BAR DEMAND According to the analyser to analyse that in tradition the gold market cheap jewelry basically invested in to coins and small bars is and they analyse to investing in that areas of Indian market.the Demand ofr gold is always protect the wealth andprotect the mony market loss to maintain and equal balance generated. The marketers also seen the quantity and quality of demand dropped initially, as jewellery demand always decline or down faced in the market but is now gathering pace and actually increasing on both fronts, especially if the marketer add the small coin and bar demand to it then the gold moves up the ladder of exclusively and expensive decorative items again higher quality gold jwelery demand (accepting high prices) is growing again. At the last the marketer seen that the demand of jwelery is always increases. And generated high efficiency in the market. 2. A WIDENING IN THE NUMBER AND SIZE OF GOLD INVESTORS GOLD EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS The size of the market is high and large number of investors in the market and always want to increase the return in future trend. In the modern changes the market price of gold is always high but no effect in the consumption power they always choosen gold and buy for future trend because it always slope in downward. There are so many factors which changes the consumption and buying power of customers the main factors are as follows like income and price . the price of gold is simultaneously increases but demand is also movable in same directions. CENTRAL BANK The story of central banks and gold is a sad one. As both politicians strove to establish a doctrine that paper currencies, with no gold backing, better serve as money then gold does. By persuading people that central bankers were capable of being a satisfactory and the gold was a barbarous relic that had no place as money, they sanctioned dual policy of selling and sidelining gold as mony and accelerating the supply of gold to the point that the easy gold picking were exhausted . now central banks have had to revert to their underlying belief that gold is a vital reserve assts , particlurly when drems fade and realities take over . Higher price in their case have led to a cessation of sales and subsidential buying. SWITCHING FROM OTHER MARKETS TO THE GOLD MARKET As a gold and silver prices rise just like a thermometer measuring global financial uncertainity and instability , more and more investors are ntering these markets for the first time, not for profit . , but for protection against such fears and in an attempt to preserve the wealth they have. These investors come from the entire spectrum of investors across the length and breath of our world. This is the quintessential reason why demand for gold will rise as gold price rise. WHY ECONOMISTS USE ELASTICITY Elasticity means degree of level changes in the particular commodities is called elasticity But here, we are discussed about changes in the demand and supply of gold in demand and what are the various tools to find out the degree of demand of gold in india. THE BASIC USE OF ELASTICITY IN ECONOMISTS AS FOLLOWS:- Economist wants to compare gold demand all the times. Is gold demand more price sensitivity then silver demand . Is the supply of gold is equal. An elasticity is a unit- free measure. By comparing market using elasticity it does not matter how we measure the price or quantity in the Indian market. Elasticities allows to identify the differences among markets without standedizing the units of measurement. THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND MEASURE BY AS FOLLOWS:- PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND CROSS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND Degree of level changes by the price of commodity . the gold commodity is directly not affected in the demand because it is a luxurious goods. According to the gold the descriptions are as follows Gold price have been rising this year and this is the news that dominates in newspapers . The last time gold prices rise at such pace was in 1980. In fact gold price never touched the hights they had reached in 1980 and in fact were at their lowest in he year 1999. The first point is to be noted is that both gold and oil prices move in together . both were at their highest in 1980 and while oil has become far more expensive that it ever was , gold prices still not a very high compare to where they were in 1980. The prices are taking in high price adjusted for inflation and not the nominal prices that we see going up year after year. SECOND POINT to note is that gold prices elasticity is negative . Higher the price of gold, higher is the demand for gold. This is a unique feature of gold , as many other commodity whose prices go up sees lowering of demand . When prices rise the most that the demand is the highest, pushing up prices further. In the year 2007 , gold prices went up by nearly 20 % compared to price in 2006 . Demand for gold went up by nearly 5 % . when people say prices goes up , they normally tend to consume less of the good, including essential items like oil and petrol. The nominal price always stay above the previous price, therefore gold is never seen as a risky investment compare to real estate, the share market and the money market. Gold is a unique metal . it has been the most attractive metal for thousands of year. The roman empire and the Egyptian civilization were known to have used gold more then 2000 years ago. India is a growing primarly country because of income growth in the country leading to higher purchases of jwelery . When the recession subsides and the industry looks up and real estates prices rise again gold price should come down from the heights they occupy today. SO GOLD IS SAFE INVESTMENT ? THE ANSWER IS CLEARLY YES. AS gold prices do not come down in nominal terms . however as the economy improves and other forms of investment become attractive , the return on gold come down drastically and may sometimes in real terms become negative . however jewellery has a sentimental value attached to it too, therefore even when price come down , people remain proud of their gold purchases . Buying gold makes sense during the time the rest of the economy is receding, but when economic growth and industrial growth is handsome . like in india now, investing in gold might deliver the lowest returns that one could have obtained . however , this return is in all likelihood is risk free, therefore it makes sense for those who like to avoid risk . it is important to remember that usually higher the risk , higher is the rate of return for any investment. At last it is simply explain that the price of the commodity is increase then the gold is not affected because it is type of investments in the market and always given positive return . so it is future profit generated investments which is always given better and high return to the customers. THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF THE GOLD AND NOT AFFECTED PRICE AS FOLLOWS:- THEY ALWAYS GIVEN POSITVE RETURN TO THE BUYERS IT IS THE INVESTMENT FOR FUTURE BENEFITS THEY ALWAYS GIVEN POSITIVE GROWTH PRICE IN THE MARKETS. THE PRICE CAN NOT AFFECT TO BUY THAT PRODUCT. INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND As a persons income rises , he or she can buy more goods at a given price at any particular time . but the ability to buy more goods does not necessarily imply the willingness to do so . It means when then the consumers income is rises or dicreases then directly affected to consumption capacity. If the demand of the goods rises as income rises, then that good called a normal goods . Also the demand for the normal goods falls as income falls . the demand for a normal goods and incomes are directly related. The demand for a inferior goods income rises and good falls . the demand for an inferior goods and income are inversely affected. SOME IMPORTANT ASSPECTS WHICH AFFECT INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AS FOLLOWS:- PREFRENCES:- Peoples preferences affect the amount of good they are willing to buy at a particular price. A change in favour of goods shift the demand curve rightward. But in the gold commodity the income is doesent affected because the always show when the consumers income is rises thend the demand is also increases and visa versa because it is a investments which wa BENEFITTED FOR FUTURE. NUMBERS OF BUYERS:- The demand for a goods in a particular market is related to the number of buyers in the area . The more buyers, the higher demand , while the fewer buyers , the lower the demand . EXPECTATION OF FUTURE PRICE:- Buyers who expect the price of the goods to be higher next month may buy the good now thus increasing the current demand for that particular goods. Buyers who expect the price of the good to be lower next month may wait until next month. POPULATION :- Large no. Of buyers are in Indian market the customers and population are so high in Indian market . Examples:- india have created so much demanded for goods and services because of its massive population. ADVERTISING:- An increase in a firms effective advertising will be cause in demand for the product being advertise. For examples :- Indian have been buying gold for the last few years . however, there is no another addition cost are included in that luxurious good. CROSS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND It means when the price of the substitute commodity is increase then the other product is dicreases and visa versa . there is two commodities in iindia is silwer and gold . When the price of the silver is dicreases then the silver commodity is increases and gold price is dicreases then the demand of that commodity is increases. Now the bullion banker is net short gold when he conduct this operations . remember he borrowed gold and now he has a financial assets . he is making 5 % return on the spread , but he now has a gold price risk . as a banker he is not normally business of putting on speculative positions . so basically, in doing this operation but bullion bankers has a hedged the gold price and he takes a small margin- like a half of %- from this intermediation . in doing so , he allows private market participants to go short gold . thats why we elide the two phrases- going short in the gold market and gold borrowing . the ultimate borrowers in the gold leading operation are these shorts in the gold future and forward markets . Now we have a conservative set of gold leading number and we have a more aggressive set of such numbers . our range of estimates emplies that somewhere between 10000 and 16000 tonnes of the official sector gold position has left thse results way of leading the process . TABLE 1 : WHY OFFICIAL SUPPLY/DEMAND EXCEEDS MAJORITY OPINION ESTIMATES AN ARGUMENT FROM THE SUPPLY SIDE Total Gold Loans Outstanding  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      BOE GFMS December 1993 4,750 1,600 June 1995 9,250 2,200 Note: All Quantities in Tonnes  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   This discrepancy was so large that tried to be conservative and for no good reason, chopped the 9000 tonnes down to 6000 tonnes because that 6000 tonnes figures was already so far removed from the official numbers . in any case , this bank survey implied big , big errors in the consensus supply/demand balances and half of a lot more gold lending than anyone thought . Now look , gold lending began in earnest in the early 1980. By 1995 it was a process that had been going on for more than ten years . now, what if there were 6000 tonnes of gold loans not 2000 tonnes of gold loans as implied by the consensus supply/demand statistics . that mean that there had been 4000 tonnes more lending , most of it over the last ten year period . gold lending was a small activity during the 1980 . it was a much bigger activity during the 1990, so obviously it was a business that was occurring on an increasing scale . if the discrepancy was 4000 tonnes over 10 to 15 years , 300 to 400 tonnes a year well , then it was probably 200 tonnes a year in the 1980 and it was probably nearer 600 tonnes a year by 1995. That mean supply and demand were underestimated by something like 600 tonnes a year . If we total these three demand items we arrive at the following:- Table 2 Metric Tonnes    1999 WGC gold demand for jewelry, bar and coin in 27 countries 3,282       GFMS gold jewelry demand in an additional 7 countries 1) 268       GFMS global demand in all other uses (excluding jewelry, bar and coin) 458       Incomplete Global Demand Subtotal 4,008 GFMS Global gold demand 3,9852) GFMS occasionally report and use demand . there survey for 1998 including the estimate used here . there was no comparable estimate in their 1999 report . the WGC reported a large increase in global gold demand in 1999. Base on wgc glbal demand for trend this number is probably conservation . GFMS total gold demand exceeds this total by 170 tonnes . they attributes demand to investigate in india . From the above it is clear that the WGC survey plus select additional item from the GFMS points to a total that exceeds GFMS estimation of global gold demand . this subtotal still excludes jwelery demand in more than 100 countries. It also excludes official coin and bar demand in these 100 or more countries as well as seven additional countries mentioned above. It is basically helps to understand the total demand and supply of gold in india and they are basically helpfull for searc what r the condition can not decrease the demand and supply of gold in the market. It always search and analyse the terms and conditions which help to easily find out survey of gold in india or many countries. ANALYSIS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF GOLD IN INDIA The ever increase of demand and supply of gold in india , various hypothesis have been put forward from time to time:- Demand for gold has an autonomous character. Supply follows demand. Demand exhidits income elasticity , particlurly in the rural and semi- urban areas. Price differential cretes import demand , particlurly illegal import prior to the commencement of liberalisation in 1990. A part of the demand is caused by the need to stash away uncounted wealth and income. Gold trades figures since the onset of liberalisation in 1990 shows that while the price differential narrowed from a high of around 53.1 % in 1991 to about 5-10 % currently the import volumes rise unabated. Gold demand in india increased by an annual compound rate of around 15 % from 1990 to 1998 during the period of liberalisation with growth slowing thereafter. This was high , not only visa- versa the world demand growth rate of 3.05 % but also in relation to the trend Indian . GDP growth rate is 5.5 % and Growth rate demand for oil is 3.8 % Energy and sugar is 6 and 5 % Gold imported officially for domestic use is now channelled almost exclusive via the official agents or the authorisd commercial banks. Some aspects which helps to anlyze the gold demand and supply in india.:- FUTURE TRENDS :- What is likely demand trnd for the future? Given the fact that gold demand is income-elastic, it would be safe to assume that demand will increase over the next decades. Since gifting jwelery at the time of marriage constitute the major components of demand, ball-park estimated could be on the basis of the no. Of marriage that takes place actually. On the basis of assumption around 8 million marriage r held in india per year. Gold is required for marriage by families of different income groups. GOLD MARKET IN INDIA:- The gold market in india is predominantly a market for buying and selling physical gold. In the whole sale segment, nominated agencies are the bulk importers. This market is resonabily efficient from the point of view of distribution of bars and scraps over the length of the country which takes place in a very efficient manner. Price manner is also generally observe in areas with identifical of duties and taxes. Gold leasing volume are small in comparision of physical buying and selling. Most of leasing activities taken by nominated banks on a back to back basis via supply from overseas. The market needs to develop for at leat two reasons:- To provide working capital at low cost together with gold price leading,not only to the exporter but also to jwelery manufacture for the domestic market. The existence of gold leading market is pre-condition for arbitrage free pricing of gold forward in the local market. ISSUE FOR THE FUTURE :- It would only be logical to assume that the neeed for a review of the overall policy stance with regards to gold is now being increasingly felt in official circles. As with other areas of liberalisation , the direction of change will certainly be positive, although it would be difficult to imagine any specific time frame. However the following issue are like to be the focus of policy.:- Strengthening of the infrastructures and market in physical gold. More assaying, refining and recycling capacities of international standard and accreditation are expected. Better protection for consumers, by way of the spread of hallmarking of jawelery. The emphesis will continue to be on more self regulation by jewellery manufacturing and retailers. Further liberalisation the gold import is live issue. Removal of all the remaining restriction on gold imports has been advocated by many of following groups:- Trade liberalisation for gold is a pre requisite for financial liberalisation. There is no specific advantage in restricting gold imports to the select no. Of nominated agencies. If gold is imported farely under full fiscal benefits will accure to more deregulation of gold in india. Going by Turkish example, free imports under OGL and free export are pre condition for establishing a foothold in the world jawelery market . REGULATION IN PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL MARKETS IN GOLD IS ANOTHER MAJOR ISSUE:- Regulation in general means formulation of norms by the regulatory for : a. Risk assessment and control the regulated institution. B. Investors protections. 5. BRINGING THE GOLD HELD BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN TO THE ECONOMIC MAINSTREAM HAS RIGHTLY BEEN AN OBJECTIVE THROUGHOUT:- Mobilization of gold by the gout. In the past did not yield any major long term benefit. Any government led mobolization has inherent disadvantages. A better alternative would be allow holders of gold to raise capital from the banking system by way of pledge. It would be inconsistent with the spirit of liberalization to discriminate against those who saved in gold in past. A machenism can be evolved where by banks leading in deregulation of gold in india. 6. IT DEVELOPED OF E- MAONEY :- It is possible that a private sector units of account that is linked to gold may come in to existence in india, given the fact of huge private sector gold stocks. It would be advantages to look in to this possible. 7. GOLD HAVE ANY OFFICIAL MONETERY ROLE LEFT IN INDIA:- Golds role in currency issue was braught to a level of insignificance in india. There is good evidence to support the view that gold is held as an inflation hadged in india. BRIEF DISCRIPTION ABOUT ANALYSIS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF GOLD IN INDIA Demand for gold is likely to contain information regarding inflation expectations. Since monitory policy is reflected in the growth of money stock and ultimately the rate of inflation, there is a case for including gold in the monetory calculus. It need to analyse the advantages in including gold held by the private sector in the broad measure for liquidity, even though gold is not anybodys liabilities. Also gold could be included in the index for the real effective exchange rate for rupees. They also indicate that :- Other thing be equal. Gold import demand has real effective exchange rate of the rupees. This is the analyse function where we analyse how to demand and supply of gold commodity can run in the market and whoch factors affect to ush the demand and supply of gold in equal range. This is the chart which are showing consumption n different year and we aware that the consumption of gold in india and where they affect. supply and demand table CONCLUSION In that demand and supply of gold in india we analyse and learn that official sellin will fill the boots ot trend following speculation in the gold market and the gold price will fall back towards its prior trading range. The global recession and strong dollar which curb gold , jewellery and bar demand have been facilitating the ability of the official sector to keep the gold price low. The forces for higher gold price will build. Though it may not happen over the short run in the long run the dollar will fall- and substantially in our view. A dollar decline will lower than the price of gold in countries outside, which will in turn stimulate price elastic demand. The fear of weakness may also shift official sector attitudes towards holding gold as a reserve asset relative to the currency. Many central bank feels uncomfortable with the now higher share of currency in their official reserves. The huge and ever increasing internal debt of india growing prospects of inflations. The central bank has started objective of reducing its high reserve holding of money, and it may be noteworthy that they have reported the first rise in central bank gold holding in many years. As long as currency has holding remained strong, central bank have felt no pressing need to address their high mony holding, but an eventual reserval in the money exchange rate may change the perception. The supply will also lift the gold price. Over the last 4 year , the supply despite low prices because there was a pipeline project from the 1994-96 period of higher gold price the pipline has now been almost depleted. In addition high grade to improve cash flow at low gold price. High grading increase output over the near term but ultimately reduces overall life of mine output and brings forward in time depletion dynamics. At last it shows that the price of the gold is increase or dicreases then it doesent affect on the demand and supply of commodity because it is the investment which provide always benefit to the customers, due to previous record which was explain in previous topic and cover that price cant affect on demand and supply of gold in india or any country.

Ultrasound ? Quick Project :: essays research papers

Ultrasound – Quick Project Ultrasounds are sound waves with frequency beyond the human limits, therefore humans are unable to hear them. It even travels at exactly the same speed as sound in any medium. Humans can hear sound within the frequency range of about 20 to 20,000 Hz, so any sound above 20 kHz is ultrasound. Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by submarines. Ultrasound has very high frequency vibrations and can be used to clean things. Really dirty teeth can be cleaned superbly in this way. Really delicate mechanisms, such as in antique clocks and watches, can also be safely cleaned. Ultrasound for scanning is the most popular medical use. This is safer than using X-rays. Unborn babies can be seen by moving an ultrasonic transmitter across the mother’s stomach. The sound waves will be projected from the transmitter and the waves are able to travel from one part of the human being to the other. As it hits a tissue or an organ, some waves reflects and gives of echos which can build up a picture on the TV screen. The shorter the wavelength is, the finer the detail of the picture is. Its use in scanning goes far beyond pregnancies. Many other parts of the body are analysed using it (bladder gallstones, the heart, etc.). Ultrasound can even check airplane wings for cracks that would be invisible on the surface. Ships use SONAR to determine the depth of water they are in. Ultrasound is used here because they have a higher frequency and this allows it to penetrate further. However, the disadvantage is that it might scare the fishes away as it would be too noisy for them.

Many Faces of Oppression

Tsitsi Dangarembga address several issues concerning women in her novel, Nervous Conditions. Three main issues include coming-of-age, colonialism, and patriarchy. They are all encountered by the central character, Tambu as she grows up in colonial Rhodesia. While living on the homestead with her family, Tambu witness the examples of oppression prevalent in her environment. The women in her immediate family are domesticated and for the most part uneducated. When Tambu learns of her aunt Maiguru†s education and â€Å"success†, she tries to ignore the potential images of the women on the homestead by working hard to go to school. Once she is granted an education with the help of her uncle, Tambu finds out that her aunt Maiguru is oppressed too, only in a different setting. Therefore the struggles women face are similar regardless of their class,or level of education. Tambu learns early about the oppression of women in the traditional patriarchal way of life on her homestead. For example, Tambu can not continue to go to school because her family lack the funds for her to go. However, her brother Nhamo is granted the right to go and is expected to do well. Their father boasts about his son†s education and gives him certain rights and privileges. Tambu resents the fact that her brother is able to get an education and she is not. She is constantly in conflict with Nhamo because of Nhamo†s arrogance. He retorts, â€Å"Did you ever hear of a girl being taken away to school? With me it†s different. I was meant to be educated† (Dangarembga, 49). Speeches like this contributes to Tambu†s increasing drive and desire for education. Tambu, seeking to break away from her oppression through education, asks her parents for maize seeds to raise her own crop and sell them for tuition. Her own mother†s years of oppression seeped into discouraging Tambu. My mother said being black was a burden because it made you poor†¦ [and] being a woman was a burden because you had to bear children and look after them and the husband† (Dangarembga, 16). Discouragingly the parents give the seeds to her and she raises her crop. She notices that her crop is coming up missing and finds out her brother was stealing them to keep her from going to school. However through determination and a little assistance, Tambu raises the funds for school. Her father, in an act of dominance tries to take the money away from Tambu†s education but is unsuccessful. Tambu gains a small victory in her journey to reach her dream. The death of Nhamo is a turning point in Tambu†s life. Because Nhamo was the only son in the family, Tambu took his place. Tambu is granted the chance to be a part of colonized life and the advantages it has over the poverty she has lived. All the whileTambu goes through her schooling she sets her sights to becoming what her aunt Maiguru seems to be. â€Å"She was altogether a different kind of woman from my mother. I decided it was better to be like Maiguru, who was not poor and had not been crushed by the weight f womanhood† (Dangarembga, 16). One of the examples Tambu is shocked to know is the oppression Maiguru encounters by obtaining her Masters Degree. Tambu is accustomed to the hierarchical forms of address which place women and children lower than men. She is surprised to know a woman can go that far and wonders why no one acknowledged her aunt†s degree. Again another example of oppression in Tambu†s family, especially the women, is that they didn†t like Maiguru acquiring that amount of education and therefore did not acknowledge her level of education. They did however,celebrate Babamukuru†s Master Degree constantly and gave all praises to him, even the women joined in. Another example of the oppression in a middle class household is Maiguru†s salary. Even though she had the education and the career in teaching, Maiguru never saw a penny of her earnings. They went directly to her husband. Even Maiguru shows her acceptance to this oppression by saying, â€Å"†¦ no one even thinks about the things I gave up. But that†s how it goes†¦ and when you have a good man and lovely children, it makes it all worth while† (Dangarembga, 102). Even though Maiguru was educated, she was still expected to marry and raise children, so her education only provided another way of serving her family. This confession disappoints Tambu because it shatters her image of Maiguru being an independent role model. Now, with the influence of her cousin Nyasha,Tambu must find and become her own image of an independent, educated woman. The patriarchal way of life in Rhodesia had many levels of oppression. From the poverty-stricken homesteads to the colonialized middle-class setting, women were being oppressed from something. Author Tsitsi Dangarembga, cleverly reveals these levels of oppression in Nervous Conditions. Main character Tambu is able to see some of these levels with her opportunity to go from her homestead to her uncle†s home while she grows and goes through school. She think she has escaped the oppression when her brother dies and she has the opportunity to leave home where oppression is prevalent. Tambu fails to see that oppression exist even in a colonized setting until she learns from her aunt and idol, Maiguru. Even with a high level of education and ability to make money, there was still the opportunity for oppression to exist, in Maiguru†s example, by not acknowledging educated women or having their earnings controlled by men. Although this realization now occurs to Tambu, she tries to find some other way to resist the oppression (refusing to go to her parents† wedding). Nervous Conditions is a great example of how women struggle regardless of class or level of education and whether they accept the oppression or resist it.

Anabolic Steroids Essays - Anabolic Steroids, Exercise Physiology

Anabolic Steroids Essays - Anabolic Steroids, Exercise Physiology Anabolic Steroids Steroids are a very harmful and illegal substance that is very bad for the human body. Anabolic Steroids are hormones that mimic the effects of testosterone, the male hormone released by the testes. This particular type of steroid can be very dangerous to those who use them to get larger muscle mass for sports or body building contest. There are studies that show steroids cause a wide variety of health issues such as, muscle dysmorphia, in teenagers it can cause severe acne, hair loss, infertility, male breast development, violent mood swings and paranoia. Steroids can also stunt growth of the human body. When anabolic steroids are taken in prescribed doses it is because a male adolescent does not produce sufficient testosterone, even in this prescribed case an adolescent can still develop numerous side effects from the steroids. More commonly known as ?gym candy? and ?Juice? those are the street names for substance when being sold too people on the streets, but the main people using them are teens and middle school kids either trying too get bigger for a sport or just for there own use like to get bigger.Steroids cause people who use them too have mood swings called ?Roid rage? that?s an out burst of anger and aggressive behaviors and also forgetfulness and trouble sleeping as well those are the side effects of using this drug. Therefore, if a person is taking non-prescribed anabolic steroids the risk for danger and detrimental health problems only becomes more prevalent. ?Dr. Walder who is a Medicine professor and part of the effort to educate the public about the dangers of anabolic steroids says, ?There can be whole panoply of side effects, even with prescribed doses.? Some are visible to the naked eye and some are internal. ?Recent surveys have shown that 2.8% of 8th graders, 3.5% of 10th graders, and 3 .5 % of 12th graders (Drug Facts) have reported using steroids at one point in their lives.? It is amazing what athletes will do to achieve higher levels of performance and to sometimes get the extra edge on the competition. The cost for a test to be done would cost between $50 and $100 for high schools but only about 13 percent of the schools actually test for steroid?s, ?coach Bobby Barnes who had only coached his team for nine weeks was surprised as anyone when the police swept down on the practice field one day in September of 2003 it was the first time that it ever had came up? Barnes told Newsweek.But this use of steroids among athletes only became widely apparent when Canadian sprint runner Ben Johnson tested positive for steroid use after winning the gold medal for the one hundred-meter dash during the 1988 Olympics were he ran a 9.79 he was the worlds fastest man a Canadian hero in less then 10 seconds, now a days teenager kids can just walk down to the local gym and buy st eroids or find somebody who knows a person who is selling them and can get in contact with them. Some people think and believe that steroids should be kept legal, because it is the decision of the person to take the drug, and that steroids are not causing a problem in society. Alcohol and cigarettes are consumed by millions of people, causing a lot of harm and effects on their bodies, but there has never been a ban on these things because of the dangers that they can cause.A lot of people say that the reason for the wide spread use of steroids is because of the athletes, and that makes the young athletes think that they need too take them too get too the next level so they?ll perform better if they were either bigger or stronger. Men aren?t the only ones using steroids women are also using them too, the doses the women are taking of the steroids could have a lot of dangerous side effects on them like irregularities in their menstrual cycle that?s just one of the short term effects of the drug long term effect haven?t been determined yet. Even with all of the effects steroids have its still commonly used by the athletes

how to drive stick essays

how to drive stick essays The beginning of the chapter discusses the elements involved in analyzing consciousness and on the different perspectives taken on consciousness. Significant study and research didnt begin until the late 1960s. New developments in medical technology, such as MRIs, CAT scans, and PET scans were major contributions to the rise in research. Cognitive science and cognitive psychology are two major fields that deal with the study of the consciousness. Functions and levels of consciousness are also discussed. Consciousness is described as an awareness of your senses. Non-conscious, preconscious and unconscious are all different levels of consciousness. Non-conscious is a level of mental activity that is buried and unable to be accessed. Preconscious is something that one may not be currently conscious of, but can be summoned forth at any moment. Consciousness is not something that can be turned on or off; in fact, sometimes people process things in their consciousness and are unaware of it. Within the margins of consciousness there are different states of consciousness. When someone is in a state outside the normal experience of consciousness, they are in a state of altered consciousness. Hypnosis and meditation are relatively little researched subjects in the study of consciousness. The effects produced by hypnosis and meditation both produce states of altered consciousness. Along with the altered states that hypnosis and meditation produce, the ramifications of psychoactive drugs a re discussed. The chapter classifies the differences between a wide variety of drugs and the properties that each class of drugs have. Sleeping and dreaming is discussed in depth. The purpose of sleep and sleep rhythms are explained. Various stages of sleep and the corresponding mind states during each stage are discussed, as well as the different brain waves that occur. Topics also covered in the sleep section ...

International Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Law - Coursework Example They allege that George W. Bush committed war crimes in October 2008 through the act of authorizing attacks by U.S. military units from Iraq into Syria. The arrest warrant charges George W. Bush with responsibility for the attacks that allegedly resulted in the deaths of eight villagers, four of them children of the refugee parents Mr. and Mrs. Yehia Dajani. This document is an indictment for the arrest of the former President of the United States George W. Bush upon the grounds of war crimes and the gross violation of human rights. The former President is legally liable for these crimes and should, therefore, face trial. Former American President Bush is hereby deemed to be morally as well as legally responsible for the deaths of innocent men, women, and children, in a country that was not officially at war with the United States at the time of these deaths, namely Syria. These attacks resulted in the deaths of eight innocent people and drove their families towards becoming homeless refugees. Four children died in these attacks and justice should be served for the sake of their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Yehia Dajani. It is alleged here that the death of innocent people in Syria was directly caused by the orders of the former President George W. Bush to American armed forces whilst he held that position in 2008. President Bush ordered missile strikes against alleged terrorist targets in Syria without any regard for the possibility of killing innocent men, women, and children when a state of war did not exist between his country and Syria. Due to his express orders, Mr. and Mrs. Yehia Dajani witnessed the deaths of their four children. Former President Bush destroyed their family and took away their future. The American missile attacks resulted in the cold-blooded murder of Syrian children, and were unjustified as well as being unnecessary deaths.  

Biology of health and illness - the digeative system Essay

Biology of health and illness - the digeative system - Essay Example Digestion starts in the mouth where digestive juices are produced to convert the different types of foods (Garrow, Ralph & Philip 2000). The relaxation and contraction of the wall muscles in the organs enables the easy movement of foods as well as mixing the contents of the food. The food is then stored in the stomach and blended with the digestive juice produced by the stomach walls and it’s later transported to the ileum. Here, the foods are mixed up and dissolved in the digestive juices produced by the liver, pancreas and the intestines. The final process the nutrients are absorbed by the walls of the intestines while the undigested food proceeds to the large intestines where stored and later released as feces. The transportation of nutrients to the other parts in the body is enhanced by the blood and nerves (Smith & Morton 2001). There are however some factors that have a negative effect on the process of digestion, one of these factors is malabsorption. Malabsorption is t he condition where the nutrients are not absorbed in the intestinal walls during digestion. After the breaking down of the foods, they are blend with the digestive juices to produce nutrients which are then absorbed by walls of the small intestines to generate energy. The various types of malabsorption include sugar malabsorption for lactose, fat malabsorption for which is mainly caused by a fault in either the bile ducts, small intestines or the pancreas. Nutrient malabsorption is caused by failure in transportation of nutrients such as iron and minerals. Malabsorption is mostly caused by disorders in the walls of the small intestines. The intestinal walls are made up of the villi and microvilli that are responsible for providing a large surface for absorption of nutrients. Therefore a fault in any part of the small decreases the surface for absorption. Faults in the intestinal walls are mainly caused by diseases such as celiac and Crohn's. However, some faulty intestinal walls are due to infections by bacteria, parasites, virus and certain drugs such as alcohol and antibiotics. Some of the external symptoms of malabsorption include loss of hair, swelling of some body parts and dry skin. Malabsorption causes illnesses such as anemia, heart failure, gallstones, rickets and Osteoporosis which affects the bone strength. The other condition that affects the process of digestion is malnutrition. Malnutrition is the situation where the diet that a person takes is not sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements in the body (Sizer & Whitney 2010). For digestion to take place efficiently the body needs adequate quantities of various nutrients which include minerals, fats, carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins. One of the reasons for malnutrition is due to lack of food due to hunger. The other cause of malnutrition is when a person’s diet is limited to foods with no nutrients (Brynie 2002). Malnutrition may also be caused by situations where the body requires mo re energy than the body is generating. These factors lead to the lack of essential nutrients in the body. Malnutrition may also be caused by certain medical conditions that affect some organs of the digestive system. The lack of different nutrients in the digestion process cause different types of malnutrition thus varying symptoms (Sizer & Whitney). However the general symptoms of malnutrition are fatigue, loss of weight and fainting. The treatment to malnutrition is replacing the nutrients so